A Deep Dive into Basis Periods with Paul Aplin OBE

Back in December 2021, we invited Paul Aplin OBE to share his thoughts on basis periods. Here, Paul recaps the talking points from that webinar and looks at what's changing and what you need to know.

This blog is based on the rules as we currently understand them (at the time of writing, the Finance Bill is
still in passage through Parliament). It is recommended reading for anyone wishing to join our
follow-up webinar, in which we will answer some of the questions you raised and dive even deeper
into the reforms. You can book your spot here.

In the transitional year especially, there will be many possible permutations and each case will need to be considered on its particular facts.

What’s changing, why, who will it affect and when?

Currently, unincorporated businesses are taxed on the profit of the accounting period ending in the
tax year (subject to special rules for the opening and closing years of a business).

In the October 2021 Budget, the Chancellor announced that these rules would be reformed. Under
the new regime, unincorporated businesses will be taxed on the “actual” profits of the tax year,
established by time apportioning all sets of accounts which relate in whole or in part to the tax year.

The change aims to eliminate “overlap profits” and align tax payable more closely with the actual
profits generated in a tax year. The government regards this as a simplification measure.

It will affect every unincorporated business (sole traders and partnerships). It will not affect limited
companies. The existing rules will apply for 2022/23. There will be transitional rules for 2023/24. The new rules will apply for 2024/25 and subsequent years.

Three examples

The effects are best illustrated by looking at some examples.

31 March year end

The simplest situation is a business with a 31 March year end (the situation would be the same for a
5 April year end as under the new rules, unless the taxpayer elects otherwise, year ends from 31
March to 5 April are treated as coterminous with the tax year end).

As you can see, the business is taxed in the same way under the current regime (2022/23), in the
transitional year (2023/24) and under the new regime (2024/25).

HMRC estimates, however, that 578,000 unincorporated businesses have year ends outside the
range 31 March to 5 April. Under the new regime, instead of being taxed on the accounts for the
year ending in the tax year, they will be taxed on the “actual” profits of the tax year, which will
involve apportioning two years’ accounts. The next two examples illustrate this.

30 June year end

2022/23 is the last year under the current regime.

The transitional year (2023/24) is taxed on a mixture of three elements as shown in the table. This
can lead to a number of possible outcomes, from additional profit to overall loss.

In 2024/25 the new regime applies and the business is taxed on a proportion of the profits for the
year to 30 June 2024 plus a proportion of the profits for the year to 30 June 2025 to arrive at the
“actual” profits for the tax year. The apportionment is based on days (not weeks, months or other
fractions).

31 January year end

The third example uses a year end of 31 January. Again, you can see the potential complications in the transitional year and that for 2024/25 the taxable profit is arrived at by apportioning two years accounts.

There is a further problem in this example though. The second year in the 2024/25 apportionment ends on 31 January 2026 – the day that the relevant tax return or End of Period Statement (EOPS) has to be filed with HMRC. As the second year’s profit will not be known at that point, it will have to be estimated. 

The same problem will arise for 28 February year ends and - in practice - 31 December and probably 30 November and 31 October year ends as well. In fact, in any case where it will be difficult or impossible to prepare the accounts and for the client to approve them by 31 January. HMRC estimates that 278,000 businesses will be in this position. 

“Actual” profit

The word “actual” is in inverted commas for a reason: Time-apportionment doesn’t necessarily deliver an actual result. Take the 30 June year end example. If the business is losing money through most of the year to 30 June 2025 but has a substantial, profitable sale on the 30 June 2025 itself, a proportion of that profit will be taken into the 2024/25 tax year even though the transaction giving rise to the profit falls wholly outside the tax year. The new regime might take us closer to matching tax and profitability, but will not necessarily tax the actual profits of a tax year.

Estimates

The problem illustrated by the 31 January year end example will of course arise every year under the new regime. HMRC is looking at a number of possible solutions:

• Amend the result at same time as the next year’s return is filed
• Extend the filing deadline for some taxpayers
• Include the difference between estimated and actual figures in the next year’s return
• Use the current “provisional” rule, so estimate and then correct when actual figures known
• Hopefully a pragmatic view will be taken and the process made as simple as possible.

The transitional year

As we have seen, there are three elements to be considered.

The first is the standard element, the profit shown by the accounts that would have been taxed under the existing basis (the year to 30 June 2023 in the second example above).

The second is the transitional element, the period from the end of the standard accounting period to the end of the tax year (1 July 2023 to 5 April 2024 in the second example above).

There will also be a third element, the overlap profit brought forward.

• If (transitional – overlap) is positive, that amount can be spread forward over five years
• If (transitional – overlap) is negative then deduct that amount from the standard element and:
  • If the result is positive, that is the transitional year profit
  • If the result is negative, treat it as a terminal loss as if the trade had ceased on 5 April 2024

A terminal loss can be spread back three years. 

Spreading forward

If the transitional profit less overlap profit is positive, that amount can be spread forward over five tax years.

If the trade ceases before the end of those five years, the whole remaining profit is brought into the final year.

The taxpayer will be able to elect for more than 1/5 of the excess profit to be taxed in a particular year (triggering a recalculation of the remaining excess profit).

Farmers’ (and artists’) averaging calculations will not be affected.

Calculating the tax

The excess profit could have unintended consequences on, for example, High Income Child Benefit Charge (HICBC).

To avoid this, two calculations have to be performed:

• Calculation 1 – ignoring transitional profit
• Calculation 2 – including the “slice” of transitional profit attributable to the year

Exposure to HICBC is assessed based on Calculation 1. Exposure to income tax, national insurance and health & social care levy is assessed by reference to calculation 2.

If the transitional profit is spread over five years, the “slice” included in Calculation 2 will be 1/5 of the transitional profit; if the taxpayer elects to take a greater amount than 1/5 in any year, that greater amount will be the “slice” for the purpose of Calculation 2.

Minor – and not so minor - details

31 March and 1, 2, 3, 4 April year ends are treated by the legislation as being 5 April year ends. Any profit or expenses accruing in the period after one of these year ends, but before 5 April is effectively dealt with in the next tax year. This can be overridden by election.

There is some uncertainty over enquiry windows: if two years accounts are relevant to a tax year, presumably both must remain open.

In every case where the accounting period is not coterminous with (or treated as coterminous with) the tax year, consideration will need to be given to whether to change to a fiscal year end and if so, when. In many cases there will be a good reason for having a non-fiscal year end (perhaps where there are strong seasonal factors such as in hospitality and farming or where there are overseas connections), but in others there will be no strong reason. 

It is likely that many businesses will change to adopt 31 March or 5 April year ends to avoid the complications involved in estimating results or time apportioning accounts and to dovetail with the MTD quarterly reporting dates which will be based on tax year quarters (5 April, 5 July, 5 October and 5 January). 

Each case will have to be judged on its own merits and with regard to the actual results for the years affected. 

We'll be digging even deeper at our next webinar on March 1st. We've invited Paul back to answer some of your most pressing questions and discuss what's to come. If you'd like to join us, simply click the 'book your spot' button below. We look forward to seeing you there.